Turn of the Century 1900 Industrial Revolution Great Britain, 18th century New Products -steel replaces iron -electricity -internal combustion engine A world economy -transportation connects economies -beginning of competition and conquest Societal Changes: Urbanization Education Voting Public health Emergence of middle class Decline of the Old Order Liberalism v. Conservatism -hereditary monarchy under attack Socialism -1848 Marx and Engels publish Communist Manifesto Decline of the Old Order Nationalism -unification of Germany (1870) & Italy (1871) *Otto von Bismark (1815-1898) unites Germany through war -roots of Russian Revolution *Alexander II (1881) assassinated for reforms *Alexander III (1881-1894) undoes reforms * 1905 revolt creates Duma Decline of the Old Order Nationalism con�t -the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans *1829 Serbian independence *1830 Greek independence *1861 Romanian independence -Latin America *colonial governments overthrown in Mexico, Chile and Argentina The US and Canada -become industrial Intellectual and Cultural Changes Science and New Physics -Max Planck (1858-1947) -Albert Einstein (1879-1955) E=mc2 Freud (1856-1939) and Psychoanalysis Intellectual and Cultural Changes Literature and the Arts -naturalism and Emile Zola (1840-1902) -Impressionism Ex. Monet (1840-1926) Monet Intellectual and Cultural Changes continued Expressionism Van Gogh (1853-1890) Starry Night Munch (1863-1944) the Scream Picasso (1881-1973) and Cubism