Overview of Africa 
Europe can't afford anymore
Colonial borders become countries
By 1963, 2/3 N. Africa is free

Britain- economic independence
France- kept cultural and economic ties
Belgium-tries desperately to hold on

North Africa 
Algerian struggles
National Liberation Front (NLF) fights war (1954-62) against French
French colons try to keep power
DeGaulle grants independence 1962
Economic problems
Tied to France, high unemployment rate

West Africa 
Biafran Civil War (Nigeria) 
Britain grants independence 1960
Tensions between Igbos (Christians) and Muslims 
1967 Igbos attempt secession, create �Biafra�
1970, Igbos surrender to Colonel Gowon

Chaos in Zaire (Belgian Congo)
Divisions in the Congo 
Belgium grants independence 1960
Tshombe secedes Katanga provinces
UN reunites in 1963
Mobutu takes over
1965 with help from US
Corrupt military rule

British east Africa 
Conflict in Kenya 
Kenyatta's leadership

Southern Africa 
Southern Rhodesia and Portuguese colonies
New pan African movements

Republic of South Africa 
Background
Under British control
Culture dominated by Dutch Afrikaners
Dutch Reform Church
Apartheid- 
racial categories: European, Indian, Coloured, African
"Homelands" set aside for African "nations"  

Republic of South Africa
ANC resistance
Bantustans (reservations)
Nelson Mandela
1960 Sharpeville incident